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learning   

 A relatively permanent influence on behavior, knowledge, and thinking skills that comes
about through experience.
Teaching  approaches

1 Behaviorism 

Behaviorism

 is the view that behavior should be 

explained by observable experiences, not by mental processes. For the behaviorist, 

behavior is everything that we do, both verbal and nonverbal, that can be directly 

seen or heard: a child creating a poster, a teacher explaining something to a child, 

one student picking on another student, and so on.

classical conditioning 

classical conditioning A form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response

2   Cognitive Approaches

 Cognition means “thought,” and psychology became 

more cognitive, or began focusing more on thought, in the last part of the twentieth 

century. Th e cognitive emphasis continues today and is the basis for numerous 

approaches to learning (Ashcraft & Radvansky, 2010; Martinez, 2010).

main cognitive approaches to learning

a social cognitive

 b  information

processing

c  cognitive constructivist

 d  social constructivism.